Subsurface voids pose significant risks to geotechnical stability. Accurately identifying these voids is fundamental for ensuring the soundness of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole analysis, can be time-consuming and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground wave velocit
Geotechnical exploration strategies are vital for characterizing cavities and voids within the subsurface. These voids can significantly affect the stability of foundations, infrastructure, and terrain. A variety of ground-based exploration methods are employed to identify cavities and voids. These include drilling, geophysical techniques such as s
Geophysical exploration employs a crucial role in the identification and characterization of potential mineral deposits. By employing various physical methods, geologists can survey beneath the Earth's surface to detect subsurface structures and signatures indicative of mineral presence. These geophysical techniques often involve the recording of